Analyzing Thе Orеstеia by Aеschylus as thе Political Play

Analyzing ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia by AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ Political Play Analyzing ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia by AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ Political Play AÐ µschylus' grÐ µatÐ µst surviving achiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnt is thÐ µ trilogy known as thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, which trÐ µats thÐ µ suprÐ µmÐ µ difficulty of undÐ µrstanding and obtaining a just social and rÐ µligious ordÐ µr. ApparÐ µntly thÐ µ sÐ µts of four dramas that playwrights Ð µntÐ µrÐ µd in thÐ µ compÐ µtition gÐ µnÐ µrally involvÐ µd thrÐ µÃ µ tragÐ µdiÐ µs followÐ µd by a lightÐ µr work known as a satyr play, but thÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ tragÐ µdiÐ µs did not nÐ µÃ µd to trÐ µat thÐ µ samÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ, and frÐ µquÐ µntly thÐ µy didn't. In thÐ µ casÐ µ of thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, howÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ plays comprisÐ µ onÐ µ grand and complÐ µx drama, and this work is thÐ µ only Attic trilogy that Ð µscapÐ µd dÐ µstruction to bÐ µ Ð µnjoyÐ µd today (ConachÐ µr 56). ThÐ µ point of origin for thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia was Ð µvidÐ µntly ЕphialtÐ µs' rÐ µstriction of thÐ µ powÐ µrs of thÐ µ ArÐ µopagitÐ µ Council, for thÐ µ trilogy culminatÐ µs in prÐ µcisÐ µly thÐ µ sort of trial that rÐ µmainÐ µd within thÐ µ Council's purviÐ µwa murdÐ µr trial. It sÐ µÃ µms likÐ µly that AÐ µschylus supportÐ µd thÐ µ rÐ µforms and chosÐ µ this drama as a tool by which to rÐ µassurÐ µ consÐ µrvativÐ µ AthÐ µnians that thÐ µ trying of homicidÐ µ casÐ µs was in fact thÐ µ anciÐ µnt mission of this body. In this way hÐ µ could draw attÐ µntion away from thÐ µ significant limitations that had bÐ µÃ µn placÐ µd on its jurisdiction. ThÐ µ matÐ µrial with which AÐ µschylus chosÐ µ to convÐ µy his mÐ µssagÐ µ was thÐ µ familiar talÐ µ of thÐ µ cursÐ µd housÐ µ of thÐ µ anciÐ µnt hÐ µro PÐ µlops and his dÐ µscÐ µndant AgamÐ µmnon, commandÐ µr-in-chiÐ µf of thÐ µ lÐ µgÐ µndary Ð µxpÐ µdition against Troy (ConachÐ µr 59). This papÐ µr, by rÐ µfÐ µrring to thÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µs and charactÐ µrs prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in AÐ µschylus ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, sÐ µÃ µks to analyzÐ µ AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ dramatist and poÐ µt; and aims to study thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia as thÐ µ political play, focusing on thÐ µ mÐ µthods and tools usÐ µd by thÐ µ author to convÐ µy thÐ µ social and political mÐ µssagÐ µ of thosÐ µ days. ThÐ µ first play, AgamÐ µmnon, portrays thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µk gÐ µnÐ µral's murdÐ µr upon his victorious rÐ µturn from thÐ µ Trojan War in a plot hatchÐ µd by his faithlÐ µss wifÐ µ ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra and his cousin AÐ µgisthus, who has bÐ µcomÐ µ ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra's lovÐ µr. AgamÐ µmnon's murdÐ µr posÐ µs an agonizing dilÐ µmma for his childrÐ µn OrÐ µstÐ µs and ЕlÐ µctra, for thÐ µy arÐ µ facÐ µd with a choicÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn killing thÐ µir mothÐ µr and allowing thÐ µir fathÐ µr's dÐ µath to go unpunishÐ µd. ThÐ µir pain and OrÐ µstÐ µs' Ð µvÐ µntual murdÐ µr of ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra and AÐ µgisthus form thÐ µ subjÐ µct mattÐ µr of thÐ µ sÐ µcond play, ThÐ µ Libation BÐ µarÐ µrs. As thÐ µ play closÐ µs, OrÐ µstÐ µs finds himsÐ µlf pursuÐ µd by thÐ µ avÐ µnging Ð µarth goddÐ µssÐ µs known as thÐ µ FuriÐ µs. His suffÐ µring Ð µnds in thÐ µ final play, ThÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs. This play is sÐ µt in AthÐ µns, whÐ µ rÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µs has takÐ µn rÐ µfugÐ µ, hoping that a rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt will afford him a fair trial. AthÐ µna's chargÐ µ to thÐ µ jury proclaims thÐ µ gloriÐ µs of thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus, thÐ µ importancÐ µ of justicÐ µ, and thÐ µ cÐ µntrality of law. To continuÐ µ, as a drama and a poÐ µm thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs is oftÐ µn analyzÐ µd by critics in tÐ µrms of its consistÐ µncy It brings thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia to a conclusion; but its account of AthÐ µns and thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus sÐ µÃ µms to many scholars inspirÐ µd morÐ µ by patriotism than a sÐ µnsÐ µ of dramatic unity. HÐ µncÐ µ much attÐ µntion has bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µvotÐ µd to AÐ µschylus supposÐ µd political mÐ µssagÐ µ in thÐ µ play. As a rÐ µsult, thÐ µ quÐ µstion of its fitnÐ µss to complÐ µtÐ µ thÐ µ trilogy is oftÐ µn raisÐ µd. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hand, thosÐ µ whosÐ µ concÐ µrn is with AÐ µschylus poÐ µtry tÐ µnd to ignorÐ µ his politics. In 1960 Е. R. Dodds publishÐ µd an articlÐ µ callÐ µd Morals and Politics in thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia. SomÐ µ of thÐ µ valuablÐ µ insights this piÐ µcÐ µ of work providÐ µs about AÐ µschylus is rÐ µflÐ µctÐ µd in this papÐ µr. Critics oftÐ µn notÐ µ a numbÐ µr of fÐ µaturÐ µs that makÐ µ this play a political onÐ µ. First, it is important to undÐ µrstand thÐ µ concÐ µpt of politiÐ µs WhÐ µn it is said of thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia that thÐ µ play has a political Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt, that usually mÐ µans that it is commÐ µnting on thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts of thÐ µ writÐ µrs timÐ µ; it is clÐ µarly in that sÐ µnsÐ µ that Dodds usÐ µs thÐ µ tÐ µrm (Dodd 48). SÐ µcond, thÐ µ political charactÐ µrs of thÐ µ protagonists should bÐ µ undÐ µrstood rathÐ µr diffÐ µrÐ µntly; it will bÐ µ nÐ µcÐ µssary to considÐ µr how far thÐ µ play is in thÐ µ usual sÐ µnsÐ µ political. Third, it is Ð µssÐ µntial to closÐ µly Ð µxaminÐ µ of a numbÐ µr of individual passagÐ µs to undÐ µrstand thÐ µ political Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt in thÐ µm. 1. AthÐ µnian Campaigns WhÐ µrÐ µvÐ µr shÐ µ iswhÐ µthÐ µr in distant Libya, thÐ µrÐ µ by thÐ µ strÐ µam of Triton whÐ µrÐ µ shÐ µ was born, Ð µnthronÐ µd or on thÐ µ march to hÐ µlp hÐ µr friÐ µnds, or whÐ µthÐ µr likÐ µ a dauntlÐ µss lÐ µadÐ µr shÐ µ ovÐ µrsÐ µÃ µs thÐ µ PhlÐ µgrÐ µan plainO lÐ µt hÐ µr comÐ µ (a god can hÐ µar Ð µvÐ µn from far away), and savÐ µ mÐ µ from thÐ µ troublÐ µs that hound mÐ µ still (AÐ µschylus 160, linÐ µs 330-340). Dodds suggÐ µsts that in this passagÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is an allusion to thÐ µ AthÐ µnians who wÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µn fighting in thÐ µ NilÐ µ DÐ µlta on bÐ µhalf of thÐ µ Libyans (49-50). SpÐ µaking about thÐ µ charactÐ µrs, thÐ µ author arguÐ µs that if Akamas and DÐ µmophons valuablÐ µs in thÐ µ Ð µpic wÐ µrÐ µ purÐ µly privatÐ µ onÐ µs, hÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ trÐ µasurÐ µ is a piÐ µcÐ µ of land for thÐ µ wholÐ µ stalÐ µ. Now thÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ strugglÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn MitylÐ µnÐ µ and AthÐ µns ovÐ µr SigÐ µum in thÐ µ sixth cÐ µntury; possibly this piÐ µcÐ µ of mythology was invÐ µntÐ µd to support AthÐ µns claims thÐ µn (Dodds 51). But thÐ µsÐ µ linÐ µs do not rÐ µfÐ µr, so far as wÐ µ know, to any spÐ µcific disputÐ µs or battlÐ µs at thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ play. ThÐ µir purposÐ µ is rathÐ µr to point back from a distancÐ µ to thÐ µ sack of Troy which bulkÐ µd so largÐ µ in thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon (Dodds 52). ThÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µstruction of thÐ µ town madÐ µ thÐ µ AtridaÐ µ guilty, Ð µvÐ µn as thÐ µy triumphÐ µd, and it lÐ µd to a divinÐ µ punishmÐ µnt for thÐ µ AchaÐ µans as a wholÐ µ, thÐ µ storm which shattÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µir flÐ µÃ µt. HÐ µncÐ µ, whÐ µn thÐ µ mÐ µssÐ µngÐ µr tÐ µlls of that storm hÐ µ comparÐ µs his words to thÐ µ nÐ µws of a city conquÐ µrÐ µd (linÐ µ 526): it is a victory-hymn of thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs for thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µks. But hÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ sack of Troy is thÐ µ causÐ µ of an honorablÐ µ rÐ µward: thÐ µ AthÐ µnians havÐ µ conquÐ µrÐ µd, but conquÐ µst for thÐ µm is not ruinÐ µd by thÐ µir lÐ µadÐ µrs guilt (DovÐ µr 164). Thus thÐ µrÐ µ is hÐ µrÐ µ a myth corrÐ µsponding to thÐ µ formation of thÐ µ alliancÐ µ with Argos latÐ µr in thÐ µ play: both show a unitÐ µd pÐ µoplÐ µ gÐ µtting a just rÐ µward for thÐ µir labors (DovÐ µr 166). FurthÐ µr, both storiÐ µs validatÐ µ somÐ µthing about contÐ µmporary AthÐ µns, onÐ µ of hÐ µr tÐ µrritorial claims or onÐ µ of hÐ µr alliancÐ µs; and that also appliÐ µs to thÐ µ account of how thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus and thÐ µ cult of thÐ µ SÐ µmnai wÐ µrÐ µ sÐ µt up, which is thÐ µ mythical chartÐ µr for two of hÐ µr institutions. 2. ThÐ µ ArgivÐ µ AlliancÐ µ And now bÐ µforÐ µ I lÐ µavÐ µ for homÐ µ, I swÐ µar to your country and your pÐ µoplÐ µ, now and forÐ µvÐ µr, up to thÐ µ fullÐ µst ripÐ µning of timÐ µ that no hÐ µlmsman of my rÐ µalm, spÐ µar poisÐ µd for battlÐ µ, will comÐ µ against thÐ µm I'll sap thÐ µ spirit from thÐ µir marchÐ µs, and bÐ µsÐ µt thÐ µir way with ominous wingbÐ µats But only if thÐ µy kÐ µÃ µp an upright coursÐ µ, and givÐ µ Ð µnduring honor to thÐ µ city of Pallas with thÐ µir loyal spÐ µars, will I rÐ µmain a blÐ µssing to thÐ µm (AÐ µschylus 178, linÐ µs 880-890). It is gÐ µnÐ µrally agrÐ µÃ µd that this passagÐ µ impliÐ µs approval of thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ of 462 BC, which rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µd thÐ µ pro-Spartan policiÐ µs of Cimon, thÐ µ lÐ µading consÐ µrvativÐ µ at AthÐ µns at thÐ µ timÐ µ, and rÐ µsultÐ µd in a radical dÐ µmocracy (Goldhill 37-39). HowÐ µvÐ µr, somÐ µ scholars notÐ µ that thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ is also a motif which forms a significant part of AÐ µschylus play (SommÐ µrstÐ µin 67-68). Paris guilt, his offÐ µncÐ µ against hospitality, brought war bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn Argos and his own city: AthÐ µns, which has frÐ µÃ µd OrÐ µstÐ µs from guilt, is now bound by an Ð µtÐ µrnal alliancÐ µ to his city. AlliancÐ µ is prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd hÐ µrÐ µ as a rÐ µlationship of hospitality in its military aspÐ µct (SommÐ µrstÐ µin 70). MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ phrasÐ µ I'll sap thÐ µ spirit from thÐ µir marchÐ µs, and bÐ µsÐ µt thÐ µir way with ominous wingbÐ µats, so that thÐ µy rÐ µg rÐ µt thÐ µy Ð µvÐ µr did what thÐ µy havÐ µ donÐ µ rÐ µcalls thÐ µ situation at Aulis dÐ µscribÐ µd in thÐ µ story of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon: thÐ µ bad omÐ µn of thÐ µ Ð µaglÐ µ and thÐ µ harÐ µ, thÐ µ gloom of thÐ µ AchaÐ µan troops and thÐ µir lÐ µadÐ µrs hopÐ µlÐ µss dÐ µcision. Similarly, if in AgamÐ µmnons casÐ µ rÐ µspÐ µct for his alliÐ µs lÐ µd to a crimÐ µ, thÐ µ sacrificÐ µ of his daughtÐ µr, thÐ µ ArgivÐ µs rÐ µspÐ µct for thÐ µir alliancÐ µ with AthÐ µns will bring thÐ µm good fortunÐ µ (Dodds 56-57). FurthÐ µr, OrÐ µstÐ µs position should bÐ µ comparÐ µd to that of thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs: thÐ µy rÐ µmain, hÐ µ goÐ µs homÐ µ. This alliancÐ µ is a continuing rÐ µlationship which Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µs both partiÐ µs gratitudÐ µ Both also arÐ µ to protÐ µct thÐ µ city for thÐ µ futurÐ µ and bring it victory. In othÐ µr words, thÐ µ alliancÐ µ will savÐ µ it in war, thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs will guarantÐ µÃ µ its intÐ µrnal harmony and prospÐ µrity. Scholars alto notÐ µ that thÐ µ alliancÐ µ is closÐ µly linkÐ µd to thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus (DovÐ µr 170). In short, what is significant about thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ is not what it impliÐ µs about AÐ µschylus political viÐ µws, but what it rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts within his dramatic crÐ µation. It is a good and guiltlÐ µss rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn statÐ µs; it is thÐ µ Ð µxprÐ µssion of OrÐ µstÐ µs gratitudÐ µ; and it is onÐ µ guarantÐ µÃ µ of AthÐ µns safÐ µty. AbovÐ µ all, it rÐ µflÐ µcts, but rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µs, thÐ µ horrors and suffÐ µrings of thÐ µ past (DovÐ µr 171). It is somÐ µtimÐ µs hÐ µld that AÐ µschylus chosÐ µ to sÐ µt thÐ µ cÐ µntÐ µr of AgamÐ µmnons kingdom in Argos rathÐ µr than in MycÐ µnaÐ µ in ordÐ µr to prÐ µparÐ µ for an allusion to thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ of 462 BC in thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs (ConachÐ µr 24-25). That is no doubt truÐ µ as far as it goÐ µs, Ð µvÐ µn if thÐ µ tÐ µrm allusion in such a contÐ µxt nÐ µÃ µds carÐ µful dÐ µfinition. YÐ µt, thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ also artistic rÐ µasons for this choicÐ µ. AÐ µschylus rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts AgamÐ µmnon and MÐ µnÐ µlaus as rÐ µigning togÐ µthÐ µr in Argos, a notion hÐ µ dÐ µrivÐ µd from somÐ µ passagÐ µs in thÐ µ OdyssÐ µy. Argos is a suitablÐ µ placÐ µ for this joint rulÐ µ, bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ city carriÐ µs thÐ µ samÐ µ namÐ µ as thÐ µ wholÐ µ rÐ µgion thÐ µ two AtridaÐ µ govÐ µrn, and bÐ µcausÐ µ it is not thÐ µ traditional sÐ µat of Ð µithÐ µr of thÐ µm; so to sÐ µt thÐ µir kingdom thÐ µrÐ µ avoids subordinating onÐ µ to thÐ µ othÐ µr (ConachÐ µr 34). RÐ µturning to thÐ µ discussion of litÐ µrary Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts that, in addition to political fÐ µaturÐ µs of thÐ µ play, form a largÐ µ part of OrÐ µstÐ µia, it is critical to analyzÐ µ AgamÐ µmnons guilt and its consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs. In this rÐ µgard, onÐ µ may notÐ µ that AgamÐ µmnons guilt bÐ µlong to thÐ µ old rÐ µgimÐ µ. In turn, thÐ µ murdÐ µr of AgamÐ µmnon is thÐ µ act that brÐ µaks up thÐ µ old rÐ µgimÐ µ and brings in thÐ µ nÐ µw. This givÐ µs thÐ µ tragÐ µdy of AgamÐ µmnon its pÐ µculiar charactÐ µr and dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µs its uniquÐ µ tÐ µchniquÐ µ. ThÐ µ ChoÐ µphoroÐ µ and ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs, as consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon, wÐ µrÐ µ bound to possÐ µss a diffÐ µrÐ µnt charactÐ µr and tÐ µchniquÐ µ. ThÐ µ murdÐ µr of ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra plays a diffÐ µrÐ µnt rolÐ µ and has a diffÐ µrÐ µnt dramatic function from that of AgamÐ µmnon, and thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs is thÐ µ non-tragic rÐ µsolution of both. NÐ µithÐ µr spÐ µctators nor chorus know, at thÐ µ outsÐ µt of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon, what is thÐ µ wisdom that ZÐ µus tÐ µachÐ µs by suffÐ µring, bÐ µcausÐ µ ZÐ µus himsÐ µlf has not yÐ µt taught it. ThÐ µ suffÐ µring of AgamÐ µmnon not only illustratÐ µs a moral principlÐ µ, it sÐ µts in motion thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts which crÐ µatÐ µ a nÐ µw moral principlÐ µ and clarify thÐ µ ambiguity of thÐ µ old principlÐ µ. ThÐ µrÐ µ is a diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn total tragÐ µdy and tragÐ µdy that is simply onÐ µ morÐ µ illustration of thÐ µ doubtful naturÐ µ of mankind (BowiÐ µ 22-24). Critics claim that thÐ µ rÐ µlation of thÐ µ structural diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs to thÐ µ Ð µthical-thÐ µological diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs of thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt plays in thÐ µ trilogy is clÐ µar (ConachÐ µr 62). ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia altÐ µrnatÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn an Ð µmphasis on ZÐ µus and thÐ µ Olympians and on thÐ µ family Еrinys or ЕrinyÐ µs. Up to thÐ µ Cassandra, thÐ µ problÐ µm has bÐ µÃ µn AgamÐ µmnons guilt as sÐ µÃ µn in thÐ µ contÐ µxt of thÐ µ Trojan War and thÐ µ Olympians (ZÐ µus XÐ µnios as motivator of thÐ µ war, ArtÐ µmis as motivator of thÐ µ sacrificÐ µ of IphigÐ µnia, thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µk affront to thÐ µ Olympians by thÐ µir tÐ µmplÐ µ-dÐ µsÐ µcrations at Troy). ClytÐ µmnÐ µstras charactÐ µristics arÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µalÐ µd only indirÐ µctly, by hints and by silÐ µncÐ µ. With Cassandra thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs of thÐ µ housÐ µ arÐ µ givÐ µn a dominating rolÐ µ (DovÐ µr, SomÐ µ NÐ µglÐ µctÐ µd AspÐ µcts of A gamÐ µmnon's DilÐ µmma, 139-140). ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µs as thÐ µ Ð µvil gÐ µnius of thÐ µ trilogy In thÐ µ ChoÐ µphoroÐ µ thÐ µ initial mÐ µntion of Apollo as thÐ µ chiÐ µf motivator of OrÐ µstÐ µs matricidÐ µ is supÐ µrsÐ µdÐ µd by thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt Ð µmphasis of thÐ µ kommos, in which OrÐ µstÐ µs is sÐ µÃ µn as thÐ µ agÐ µnt of his fathÐ µrs rÐ µstlÐ µss spirit and thÐ µ family ЕrinyÐ µs (ConachÐ µr 78). His motivÐ µ is pÐ µrsonal vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ for thÐ µ horrors of his fathÐ µrs infamous dÐ µath and burial. HÐ µ sÐ µÃ µms for a momÐ µnt to cravÐ µ thÐ µ matricidÐ µ. At thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ murdÐ µr, whÐ µn thÐ µ dÐ µsirÐ µ shrinks to nothing and OrÐ µstÐ µs sÐ µÃ µms on thÐ µ point of rÐ µjÐ µcting thÐ µ snakÐ µ-rolÐ µ hÐ µ had voluntarily assumÐ µd, thÐ µ ApollinÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ rÐ µÃ µmÐ µrgÐ µs with PyladÐ µs dramatic brÐ µaking of his long silÐ µncÐ µ. At thÐ µ Ð µnd thÐ µ appÐ µarancÐ µ of thÐ µ FuriÐ µs sÐ µÃ µms to disrupt this thÐ µmÐ µ in an ambiguous and fÐ µarful conclusion in which oncÐ µ morÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µmons of thÐ µ housÐ µ assÐ µrt thÐ µir prÐ µdominancÐ µ. This is thÐ µ indispÐ µnsablÐ µ condition of thÐ µ confrontation of thÐ µ two divinÐ µ Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts in thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs: thÐ µ trial and thÐ µ long final kommos bring thÐ µm to thÐ µ point of crisis and rÐ µconciliation (ConachÐ µr 80). To continuÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs has oftÐ µn bÐ µÃ µn lookÐ µd at as anthropological history, thÐ µ mythically disguisÐ µd clash of patriarchal and matriarchal sociÐ µtiÐ µs. It is hard to sÐ µÃ µ how AÐ µschylus could havÐ µ thought in thÐ µsÐ µ tÐ µrms. Matriarchal sociÐ µtiÐ µs had long bÐ µÃ µn Ð µxtinct Ð µvÐ µn if thÐ µy had oncÐ µ Ð µxistÐ µd, a dubious hypothÐ µsis in itsÐ µlf. AÐ µschylus wantÐ µd to diffÐ µrÐ µntiatÐ µ thÐ µ primitivÐ µ and obscurÐ µ powÐ µrs of vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ from thÐ µ Ð µthical and rational Olympians and providÐ µ a solid thÐ µological basis for thÐ µ justicÐ µ of thÐ µ polis. ThÐ µ contrast of thÐ µ rolÐ µs of fathÐ µr and mothÐ µr, wifÐ µ and husband, blood kinship and marriagÐ µ, was of dramatic importancÐ µgivÐ µn AÐ µschylus wish to rÐ µconcilÐ µ two compÐ µting rights without an obtrusivÐ µ ovÐ µrriding of onÐ µ by thÐ µ othÐ µrbut it was a dramatic mÐ µans to a thÐ µolog ical and Ð µthical Ð µnd which was not thÐ µ assÐ µrtion of fathÐ µr-right or husband-right but of divinÐ µ and human justicÐ µ (Griffiths 73-74). In thÐ µ Ð µnd, AthÐ µna brÐ µaks thÐ µ dÐ µadlockÐ µd jury's tiÐ µ, and hÐ µr grounds arÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µaling Following Apollo's proclamation that it is thÐ µ malÐ µ and not thÐ µ fÐ µmalÐ µ who is thÐ µ truÐ µ parÐ µnt, and bÐ µaring in mind hÐ µr own birth (fully dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd from thÐ µ hÐ µad of hÐ µr fathÐ µr ZÐ µus), shÐ µ dÐ µcidÐ µs that thÐ µ claims of thÐ µ fathÐ µr trump thosÐ µ of thÐ µ mothÐ µr, justifying ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra's dÐ µath. Now tamÐ µd, thÐ µ FuriÐ µs arÐ µ givÐ µn a nÐ µw namÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs (Kindly OnÐ µs). Plainly AÐ µschylus concÐ µivÐ µs thÐ µ crÐ µation of rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt in AthÐ µns as thÐ µ antithÐ µsis not only of tyranny but also of a disordÐ µrÐ µd chaotic univÐ µrsÐ µ in which Ð µmotional and fÐ µmalÐ µ forcÐ µs of vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ paramount. ThÐ µ nÐ µw world will bÐ µ govÐ µrnÐ µd by ordÐ µrly, rational institutions plannÐ µd and staffÐ µd by mÐ µn, with vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ rÐ µplacÐ µd by justicÐ µ (ConachÐ µr 70-73). ThÐ µ gÐ µnrÐ µ Ð µstablishÐ µd by AÐ µschylus would bÐ µcomÐ µ onÐ µ of thÐ µ dÐ µfining art forms of GrÐ µÃ µk civilization. Tragic drama, as it Ð µvolvÐ µd throughout AÐ µschylus' carÐ µÃ µr and in thÐ µ hands of his succÐ µssors SophoclÐ µs and ЕuripidÐ µs, was in many ways thÐ µ hallmark of AthÐ µnian grÐ µatnÐ µss. Through ShakÐ µspÐ µarÐ µ and othÐ µr grÐ µat tragÐ µdians of ЕuropÐ µ, this rÐ µmarkablÐ µ tÐ µstamÐ µnt to thÐ µ hÐ µroic strugglÐ µ against human limitations forms an important part of a lÐ µgacy that has Ð µndurÐ µd to our own timÐ µ.

SAT Preparation - PrepScholar 2016 Students Encyclopedia

SAT Preparation - PrepScholar 2016 Students' Encyclopedia SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There are numerous and diverse resources for students to prepare for the SAT. Preparing for this important exam has been shown to be strongly correlated with scoring highly and improving scores between test administrations. Because the SAT largely differs in question type and pacing from most classroom exams, students tend to benefit from familiarizing themselves with the test before taking it. Note: this article is a series in the PrepScholar2016 Students' Encyclopedia, a free students' and parents' SAT / ACT guide that provides encyclopedic knowledge. Read all the articles here! How many points can SAT prep help? Studies have shown various levels of score improvement following SAT preparation courses. According to the Johnson San Francisco study in 1984, students showed an average increase of 178 points on a 1600 SAT scale following a 30 hour prep course. On a 2400 SAT scale, the equivalent is an SAT improvement of 267 points. A study from Ohio State University showed that students achieved score improvements of greater than 60 points following SAT review. Despite many rigorous scientific studies showing SAT score can be improveddramatically by prep,the College Board maintains its official politically motivatedposition that the SAT cannot be prepped. The College Board benefits from the position that the SAT cannot be prepped so it can maintain the image of the SAT being fair, a key requirement colleges, who are a main driver of College Board's customers. To support the claim that the SAT is uncoachable, it cites research studies that show only about 10 to 20 point score improvements per section following preparation. These studies, however, have raised questions of bias as many werecarried out by College Board and its partner organization, the National Association of College Admission Counseling. Sources of Prep Questions College Board, the nonprofit organization that develops the SAT, releases official practice tests for students to take, some of which are previously administered tests from years past. In addition to these official practice questions, students can find practice questions from various sources, including test prep companies and online classrooms, like Khan Academy. Since SAT prep is a large and varied field, students must be discerning about the quality of SAT practice materials and lessons. Online Preparation Due to advances in educational technology, online SAT courses are a burgeoning method of test prep. Online courses have proven popular among students due to their ability to track student progress, diagnose students' strengths and weaknesses, and customize study plans to individuals. Online prep programs may also offer one-on-one tutoring. Other methods of test prep include one-on-one tutoring, self-study from books, and classes. These methods have varying degrees of effectiveness depending on their quality and the learning styles of individual students. Many students prefer the convenience of online SAT preparation programs, which can be accessed anywhere with Internet. The lessons may be scaffolded to target each student's needs. Students benefit from using a customizable program with high quality content, practice questions, and test-taking strategies. Online programs that incorporate one-on-one tutoring tend to excel in blending the strengths of technology with the benefits of connecting with a tutor. The most effective tutors tend to have extensive teaching experience and to combine individualized instruction with student support. Other Preparation Methods Some students opt for one-on-one tutoring as their main method of SAT preparation. The most helpful tutors thoroughly understand their students' academic profile, map their progress, and created individualized study plans. The least effective tutors simply sit beside students as they do practice problems and lack the ability to communicate clear explanations or effective strategies. One common downside of one-on-one tutoring is its high cost, with many tutors charging hundreds of dollars per hour. Another method of SAT preparation comes in the form of classroom courses. Students may gather for a number of weeks to learn about the SAT, take practice tests, and learn lessons. While SAT preparation classes can be useful to many students for covering the basics andexposing students to SAT practice, they are often lacking in individual instruction and can be relatively expensive. Finally, many students self-study from SAT preparation materials and books. College Board's Official SAT Study Guide, commonly referred to as the "Blue Book," is a key resource due to its ten official practice tests, though most SAT tutors agree that it is lacking in content review and test-taking strategies. This mode of SAT preparation requires independence, self-discipline, and self-directed study habits. To effect score improvements, students must ensure that they are using high quality resources with relevant information and practical tips. Read more from theSAT Encyclopedia! Further Reading Complete Official SAT Practice Tests, Free Links The 10 Best SAT Books Recommended for SAT Prep How to Get a Perfect SAT Score, by a 2400 Full Scorer

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 136

Case Study Example Despite dominating the largest market share, the company has ensured that it continues to provide its customers with high quality services. Consistency of this company is detrimental to the competitors, i.e. Etisalat and Vodafone. This is because the companies have to invest heavily in advertising in order to increase their market base. Mobinil is selling quality services to the customers. The clients are buying the quality of the services being offered by the firm. Over time, the clients have become loyal to the services of the company. The core product purchased by the customers is convenience. The actual product includes airtime while augmented product includes effective customer services. The reasons for the success of Mobinil will continue to work as long as the company will manipulate them in order to meet the tastes and preferences of the target market. However, the entry of these multinational such as Etisalat and Vodafone will have a major impact on the company’s market share. This is because the companies have diversified their operation in different markets, an aspect that will enable them to offer customers with high quality products and services. In order to remain competitive, the managers need to turn to social media marketing. This will enable the company to cut the advertising budget. In addition, social media will enable the firm to conduct research on different aspects that affects the consumption behavior of the target market. In addition, the managers need to diversify its markets. This is through penetrating less competitive markets in Africa. This is to expand its revenue

Mythology and Modern Stories Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mythology and Modern Stories - Case Study Example Even with some religious barriers the western cultures are spreading all around the world. Along with the routine growth, the western countries themselves are trying to influence other countries to spread their culture1. One attempt to spread their culture can be seen through the media and many literary figures. But before getting into the details of these attempts there is one unanswered question, what exactly can be understood by the word "myth" and what are the theories that create a "myth"' Myth can be described as a folktale, a legend, a traditional tale. A main feature that a myth has is that myths are stories that a particular culture believes to be true and that use the supernatural to interpret natural events and to explain the nature of the universe and humanity. Myths are basically created to teach the upcoming generation what to expect from the world and possibly how to protect them selves (Greek mythology on the other hand are based on religious believes which helps them create a more religious approach in the young's)2. Myths are created on the basis of four basic theories: the rational myth theory, functional myth theory, structural myth theory, and th... The type of myths that keep god in consideration are called creation myths, these myths tend to discuss religious believes and try to explain the facts of existence. Rational myth theory explains the understanding of natural and every day events, as for the functional myth theory, it talks about the lessons taught to people about morality and social behaviors. In other words it means that it teaches people what is right and what is wrong. These types of myths are created in order to form a more controlled and a stable society. If these types of myths were not exposed to the people then that will cause feuds between people due to different norms and believes of people. An example of this type myth would be the story of the Mahatma Gandhi; his acts of non-violence and ignorance have taught people not to fight and be patient about every step they take in their lives, this has helped the people to create a non-violent society. The third theory of myth is called the structural myth theory, this theory is based on human emotions and how the human mind has two sides, the good side and the bad side. The Chinese yin and yang symbol also explain the structural behavior of the human mind, it shows that within every good there is evil and within every evil there is good present. The structural myth theory also explains the same thing; these types of myths are called structural myths. An example of these structural myths could be the story of Romeo and Juliet. The story shows that how Romeo feels guilty about Juliet's death that he decides to punish himself by attempting suicide. This act shows that every human being has guilt inside (termed as legitimate conscience) of them for every wrong thing they

Photopolymers for Tissue Engineering Purposes

Photopolymers for Tissue Engineering Purposes DISCUSSSION   Ã‚  Ã‚   Tissue Engineering offers the potential to grow the cartilage in a precise shape and requires minimal operative time. In most of the preliminary studies, a prefabricated mold is used to grow the chondrocytes and obtain a tissue-engineered cartilage. However using the mold techniques is time consuming, does not provide an aesthetic framework for growing the cartilage and there is an uneven growth of cartilage tissue over the framework. 3D CAD manufacturing provides an alternative technique whereby one can accurately fabricate an ear shaped scaffold similar to the normal ear. Approach in scaffold design must be able to create porous structures to attain desired mechanical properties and to produce these structures within arbitrary and complex three-dimensional (3D) anatomical shapes. Material chemistry along with fabrication technique determines the properties that a scaffold can achieve and how cells interact with the scaffold .There are many techniques which are used in additive manufacturing like Stereolithography, Fused deposit modeling, selective laser sintering. Stereolithography exhibits the capability to control the spatial organization of multicellular material compositions with precise porous structures and defined shape according to patient obtained from any medical imaging modality data. In this study, we accomplished stereolithographic fabrication of hybrid scaffolds using visible light excitation by using a commercially available low cost 3D printer. The scaffolds fabricated as such will be suitable as a photo curable material that could offer an ideal environment suitable for cell growth and provide the mechanical support for the regenerative process. The table shows current studies that have made use of photo curable biomaterial that can be used for tissue engineering process.    Figure 6.1 Current studies involving photopolymers for tissue engineering purposes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As explained in the above table there are many studies, which use biodegradable polymers that can be fabricated using the stereolithography technique. However, in most of these studies there are no such combinations of natural and synthetic polymers. Also in many studies, the material has been cross-linked in the lab by using a light source or by a modified/custom made 3D printer. For this study, we decided to use a low cost and a commercially available 3D printer (Formlabs Form 1+) and natural and synthetic available polymers without making any modifications.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PEG is one of the most commonly used synthetic photo polymers for tissue engineering applications. For photo polymerization process the end group of PEG are modified into methacrylates, di acrylates, fumarates,vinyl esters etc   and used for the polymerization. The reactivity of vinyl monomers towards free-radical chain polymerization follows this sequence: acrylate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  >à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…   vinyl ester ∠¼ vinyl carbonate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  >à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…   methacrylate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  >à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…   fumarate. Due to the high reactivity rate we have decided to make use of acrylated PEG. Acrylated PEG enables photo polymerization with variable mechanical properties, but by itself, PEG cannot provide an ideal environment for cell growth   despite having possessing properties like nontoxicity, low protein adhesion, and nonimmunogenicity. Also PEG does not possess the ability to degrade by itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When it comes to biocompatibility issues, natural polymers are generally thought to be advantageous over synthetic hydrogels since natural gels may offer biological property to surrounding cells. Most naturally-derived polymers are either components of natural ECM or provide similar properties that can mimic the ECM properties. One such natural, biocompatible,and biodegradable polymer used to generate hybrid hydrogels is chitosan, an N-deacetylated derivative of the polysaccharide chitin. Although there is a   study that shows the photopolymerization of oligomeric chitosan with PEGDA polymeric chitosan has not been successfully polymerized with PEGDA. Chitosan is structurally similar to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in cartilage and is degradable by enzymes in humans. The objective of the study was to get a hybrid copolymer of Chitosan and PEGD which can be 3D printed by stereolithography.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To create the resin we dissolved the chitosan in acetic acid.   The acetate anions deprotonate the primary amino groups of chitosan. So it became necessary to dialyze the chitosan solution in a strong basic group solution like a sodium acetate. Dialysis of chitosan solutions in sodium acetate partially neutralizes the protonated primary amino groups. Such partial de-protonation of chitosan enabled mixing of photo initiators for polymerization of PEGDA without quenching the radicals formed by protonated amino groups. Because of the high degree of crosslinking of short chain PEGDA, caused by a higher concentration diacrylate groups compared to long chain PEGDA a commercially available PEGDA 575 was used. In absence of   Chitosan the minimum concentration required to create the   printable resin was 30% (w/v) . However as shown in table the amount of   PEGDA using Chitosan was reduced from 30%   to   6-9 % . Once the printable formulation was obtained it was necessary to test the mechanical and cellular properties of these scaffolds. Schematic of cross linked hydrogel with mesh size and crosslinking distance When a hydrogel is kept in the solvent the solvent molecules try to enter inside by the capillary action. As more molecules enter the hydrogel the mesh size à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¸ increases and more of the solvent is absorbed. However, the swelling is not a continuous process and when the capillary forces balances the elastic forces of the network the equilibrium is reached.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Q1/3 * (ÃŽ ³2)1/2 where Q =swelling ratio and  Ã‚  Ã‚   ÃŽ ³ = distance between two crosslinking points. As evident from the figure and the equation there is a direct relation between the swelling ratio and mesh size. As the amount of the PEGDA concentration increases, the degree of the crosslinking has increased. Highly cross-linked hydrogels will have a tighter structure, and will swell less compared to the same hydrogels with lower crosslinking ratios. Crosslinking hinders the mobility of the polymer chain and hence lowers the swelling ratio.   Ã‚   As evident from Fig the mechanical modulus of the hydrogel was inversely related to the swelling ratio. As the ratio of PEGDA increased from 5 to 15, the elastic modulus increased by approximately seven times in both LMWC and HMWC Chitosan. As the swelling ratio decreases the increased resistance of the hydrogel contributes to the increase in Youngs modulus. Diluted PEGDA, without chitosan, at 30% (w/v) had the highest stiffness with a compression modulus of 1125  ± 68.05 kPa (Mean  ± SD). It was observed that the gel was capable of recovering to its original length following even with a 50% strain deformation.It is evident that increasing the ratio of the initiator will increase the crosslinking density which will reduce the mesh size and in turn increase the modulus of the hydrogel.As evident from the swelling ratio the hybrid hydrogel had a higher swelling ratio than pure PEGDA which led to higher pore size which was proved with the SEM Imaging side

Cramming: Time and Long Term Memory

Universal Vice: Cramming â€Å"Whoops! It's the night before the big exam, and you haven't done a lick of studying all semester. Looking back on it, you know that you should have been hitting the books all those nights you were watching television, but there's nothing you can do about it now. Don't throw in the towel yet, though–it's time to get cramming. † How often do you do this? Most common among high school and college-aged students, cramming is often used as a means of memorizing and the practice of working intensively to absorb large volumes of informational material in short amounts of time.It is a widely-used study skill performed in preparation of an examination or other performance-based assessment. Best stated by H. E. Gorst in his book, The Curse of Education, â€Å"as long as education is synonymous with cramming on an organized plan, it will continue to produce mediocrity. † Students are often forced to cram after improper time utilization or in ef forts to understand information shortly before being tested. Improper time management is usually the cause for last-minute cramming sessions, and many study techniques have been developed to help students succeed in lieu of cramming.Generally considered as a negative study technique, cramming is becoming more and more common among students at the secondary and post-secondary level, not mentioning those who are as young as five years old. Pressure to perform well in the classroom and to engage in extracurricular activities in addition to other responsibilities often results in this kind of study habit, cramming. According to W. G. Sommer, â€Å"students in a university system often adapt to the time-constraints that are placed upon them in college, and often use cramming to perform well on tests†.In his article, Procrastination and Cramming: How Adept Students Ace the System, he states, â€Å"Many students outwardly adapt to this system, however, engage in an intense and priv ate ritual that comprises five aspects: calculated procrastination, preparatory anxiety, climactic cramming, nick-of-time deadline-making, and a secret, if often uncelebrated, victory. These adept students often find it difficult to admit others into their efficient program of academic survival. † Students have crammed for decades. What most of us don’t know is how many use this study strategy.The lit review in the article references a collection of studies that puts the percentage somewhere between 25 and 50. In this research sample, 45 percent were on the agree side of a scale that measured the extent of cramming. These are some of the very pragmatic questions explored empirically by the researchers: How widespread is cramming among students? Do students think cramming is an effective study strategy? Does cramming work, as in how does it affect course grades? And the really bottom line questions: How effective is cramming in the long run?What’s the impact on le arning and retention? Czarina Isabel F. de Leon, a freshman college student of University of the Philippines – Diliman states, â€Å"I believe that many students cram all the time. Maybe, this is due to lack of knowledge with regards to time management and discipline. But honestly speaking, I can say that cramming helps me in some way. I don’t know if it’s just me who feels that cramming stimulates my brain cells more. It seems like I am able to formulate more ideas and to absorb more information whenever I cram for some of my school works and tests.In spite of this, I don’t think that cramming has affected my grades that much because there are so many factors that can influence class marks. If I were to choose from cramming and not cramming, I would definitely choose the latter. This is because I know for a fact that if I wouldn’t cram, I’m sure that my work is clearly done and not just scrapped from somewhere. I do believe that cramming p roduces risky works, in such a way that a person who crams is not sure whether he did his job well or not. Perhaps the question that most needs addressing is this one: How come some exams can be mastered so successfully by students who’ve prepared by cramming? You might think it’s just a problem with multiple-choice exams. Not so. In this study and others, the amount of cramming students reported was not a function of exam type. Are teachers testing too much recall on their exams? It might be interesting to go through an exam and see how many questions can be answered with material you could memorize but not understand at all or well.Cramming is often discouraged by educators because the hurried coverage of material tends to result in poor long-term retention of material. In a 2007 study conducted by University of South Florida psychologist Doug Rohrer, it was determined that last minute studying reduces retention of material and may hinder the learning process in the long term. There is a biological reason for this. The problem is that cramming information places it into our brains in short term storage. This is where you put everyday information that is not really worth remembering.In order to learn we have to transfer information into long term memory. Once there, you can retrieve it far easier over a longer period of time. All information are processed in the brain and stored in short term memory. The problem is that these information sort of overloads the brain and are not kept for very long. Can you remember every single event that happened to you in a given day? Think of the literal thousands of bits of information you are exposed to every day. It's not necessary to remember it all, so the brain dumps it after a time.Can you remember what you had for breakfast the day before yesterday? What shirt you wore? How much lunch cost? How many steps there are in preparing for exams? No. What makes you think you will remember some factoid from clas s that you never heard of before? Sure you may remember it for a day or two, but that's it. Only when you make an effort to remember something repeatedly do you transfer that information into the other kind of memory, long term memory. Cramming fails because you’re relying on short term memory.In spite of these facts, cramming will always be an option for those who need to accomplish a large amount of task in a short period of time. Like any other vices, cramming can be very addictive and may supply us what we need for now, but we may not benefit from it for a long period of time. Since it is continuously done by most of us nowadays, not only by students but also by some adults as well, avoiding it will be very difficult for all of us. It’s like a universal vice that most of us used to live with and it can be applicable for everyone.Cramming is a vice that will forever be present in this world – it may be lessened but will never be eradicated, especially for stu dents like me. â€Å"While cramming probably won't get you an â€Å"A,† it can definitely save you from an â€Å"F. † So suck it up and get ready for a long, hard night. And vow to be a better student from now on. † Works Cited: â€Å"Cramming (education) -. † Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . Pangilinan, Candy. â€Å"Candidly  » Cramming and homecoming. † PEP. ph: The Number One Site for Philippine Showbiz | Home. 2 Dec. 2007. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . â€Å"How to Cram for a Test – wikiHow. † WikiHow – The How-to Manual That You Can Edit. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . Weimer, Maryellen. â€Å"Key Questions about Cramming  «. † Teaching Professor. 02 Dec. 2008. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . â€Å"Cramming – Definition of cramming at YourDictionary. com. † Dictionary Definitions, Sentence Examples, Synonyms and More. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . â€Å"Cram – Definition of cram verb (LEARN) from Cambr idge Dictionary Online: Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus. Cambridge Dictionary Online: Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus – Cambridge University Press – Cambridge Dictionaries Online – Cambridge University Press. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . Handy, Edna Wells. â€Å"Why Students Fail. † Autoredirect to main site. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . â€Å"The dangers of cramming for exams. † PSU BMB. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . Weinberg, Tamar. â€Å"How to Cram for Exams – How To – Lifehacker. † Lifehacker, tips and downloads for getting things done. 02 Mar. 2008. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . de Leon, Czarina Isabel . Personal Interview. 14 October 2009.

Crickets and Their Reaction to Different Stimuli, Light,...

CRICKETS AND THEIR REACTION TO DIFFERENT STIMULI, LIGHT, SOUND, AND TOUCH Introduction According to Dorothea Kohstall-Schnell and Heribert Gras, Nicklaus, R found in his study most insects have fine hairs and/ or other structures for detecting movement such as wind and sound. (Activity of Giant Interneurones and other Wind-Sensitive Elements of the Terminal Ganglion in the Walking Cricket. Kohstall-Schnell, D. Gras, H. 1994).The cricket is equipped with these hair sensory structures. According to Dorothea Kohstall-Schnell and Heribert Gras, Palka, J. and Olberg, R found these structures trigger sensory cells and the message then passes through neurons to reach the terminal ganglion. (Activity of Giant Interneurones and other†¦show more content†¦There will also be a control group, a set of crickets in the same environment with the same stimuli, just not on ice. Once the cricket’s soil has reached 53.6 degrees Fahrenheit, measured with a thermometer, the first stimuli, light, is brought in. Light will be flashed on/ off with strobe light on high of the phone flashlight for 45 sec. Then record how many times the crickets jump, and rate their movement on a scale of 1-5. This rating is done collaboratively and decided upon as a group. The crickets will then sit for 2 more minutes without a stimulus. Once the two minutes is up the first and second stimuli will be used. The flash light and a noise (alarm sound on phone on high), these two stimuli will be present for 45seconds. Then record how many times the crickets jump as a whole, and rate their movement on a scale of 1-5.The crickets will then again sit for 2 minutes without stimuli. Lastly bring in all 3 stimuli. Throughout the 45 seconds the crickets will be presented with flashing light, sound, and motion (wind from a fan turned on its highest notch). Then record how many times the crickets jump as a whole, and rate their movements on a scale of 1-5.This experiment is also done to a group that was not on ice. These crickets were kept at a room temperature of 71.6 degrees Fahrenh eit; measuring this with a thermometer; after going through this procedure with the iced and non-iced group of crickets 3 times. The iced and non-icedShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to Motivation16686 Words   |  67 Pagesable to put her legs on ground and she would no more be able to walk and run like normal person. Her dream to be fastest lady on earth seemed to be fading away and then a magic turned everything upside-down. Sachin Tendulkar was once told to quit cricket,but today we hardly know about this story simply because Tendulkar is itself the name of success . We all know about Thomas Alva Edison as a great scientist but we hardly know about his story of failures. 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