(Alcohol) Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

(Liquor) Cause and Effect - Essay Example They need to grope developed. Another reason is that, carefully restricting children to contact liquor expands the interest inside them. They turn out violating the laws and standing at risk for punishments. Studies have proposed that most adolescents drink out of their fervor that they get in violating the law. Some sad impacts of liquor incorporate influenced cerebrum movement, memory and focus; expanded enthusiastic emotional episodes; powerlessness to see the heading of sound; broken regenerative framework; and, expanded danger of bosom malignant growth (Doheny). It additionally prompts influenced driving prompting mishaps, and family savagery. Utilization of liquor at a youthful age severely influences learning, memory, thinking limit, judgment, and dynamic ability (StarTribune). To finish up, liquor addiction begins because of friend pressure. It likewise tarts because of the dream that brings out because of exacting disallowance. Notwithstanding, considering such huge numbers of terrible impacts related with drinking, it is savvy to disallow the utilization of liquor at a youthful

Local Eats Mini Series Manhattan COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Local Eats Mini Series Manhattan COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I hope you enjoyed our first installment of Local Eats Mini  Series!  Today, were discussing Manhattan-area restaurants, and there are some interesting locations on the list! As  you read this weeks post, make sure you keep score to see how many youve actually dined at. And dont forget to check back next Wednesday for our final post in this mini series, which will be all about the outer boroughs! Churrascaria Plataforma 316 W 49th St, New York, NY 10019 (212) 245-0505 | www.churrascariaplataforma.com Plataforma is a great Brazilian steakhouse. I am a meat lover and therefore rodeo house style restaurants are great for me. The service is great and each selection is better than the previous one! Dario Martinez, MIA 15 Crispo 240 W 14th St, New York, NY 10011 (212) 229-1818  | www.crisporestaurant.com This consistent and delicious Italian trattoria never fails to please. Every New Yorker needs to find their go-to Italian restaurant and this is mine. Located on 14th Street in the West Village, the crowd is always lively, but not too noisy. The food is not extravagant, but always delicious as  they only offer what is fresh in the market and prepare everything  daily.  I would recommend going  with a few other people so you can try each others dishes because youre missing out if you just have one. Spaghetti Carbonara is a star  if pasta is your thing, but the Crispo Pork Shank is not one to be missed! Tinsley Corbett, MPA 15 Mighty Quinns 75 Greenwich Ave, New York, NY 10014 (646) 524-7889 | www.mightyquinnsbbq.com Best BBQ in NYC!   Try the brisket, short ribs and pulled pork. Grace Han, Executive Director of Admissions Financial Aid Penelope 159 Lexington Ave, New York, NY 10016 212-481-3800 |  www.penelopenyc.com This is a really cute cafe in Murray Hill, which serves wholesome comfort food in a relaxed environment. Its an excellent place for a weekend brunch with friends or for a cozy, weekday dinner. One of my favorite dishes is the Sweet Peas Mac Cheeseits got lots of cheese and truffles! Tip: They dont take reservations so be sure to get there on the early side for weekend brunch or put your name down and explore the Murray Hill neighborhood while you wait for a table. They text you when the table is ready so you can have time to walk around. Katherine McGehee, MIA 15 Russian Samovar 256 West 52nd Street, New York, NY 10019 (212) 757-0168 / www.russiansamovar.com Oddly enough, this is probably my favorite restaurant in the city even though Im a vegetarian, and not the biggest fan of all of the food.   BUT- I am a little bit obsessed with the place: the music is amazing!   I love the musicians (singers and pianists) who frequently perform while youre eating.   Not going to lie: one of my friends literally hired a group of performers from the restaurant to play at his wedding.   In addition, it has a timeless feel with décor selected by the original owner, poet Joseph Brodsky.   Lastly, Id be remiss if I didnt point out its proximity to the Russian vodka room, right across the street, where its fun to grab a drink and people watch. Lauren Podber, MIA 14 Sarabeth’s   423 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10024 (212) 496-6280 | www.sarabethswest.com “Like the great Ron Swanson from the TV series Parks and Recreation, I am at a loss as to why anybody would ever eat anything besides breakfast food. And when it comes to breakfast, Sarabeth’s is the best you can get (unless you’d like to refinance your house and get ritzy brunches overlooking the park). Their eggs benedict is the best dish, and their pork and apricot sausage is also good. They serve legendary preserves, which made them famous in the first place. Their locations have a homely, Southern vibe (and long queues on virtually any time of any day).” Selim Sazak, MIA ‘15 Sofrito 400 E 57th St, New York, NY 10022 (212) 754-5999 |  www.sofritony.com The food here is amazing and lots of it. The portion size is huge, so expect to walk out with left overs. Great place to have a night out to enjoy some Puerto Rican food. Reminds me of my mom’s cooking, when I don’t have a chance to get it. Nina-Marie Rivera, Associate Director of Admissions The Spotted Pig 314 West 11th Street, New York, NY 10014 (212) 620-0393 | www.thespottedpig.com It might be named after a pig but go here for the beef. Their hamburgers and steak are amazing!   Their fries too are delicious. Be sure to get here early because they dont take reservations. Luckily, there is a bar on top where you can grab some drinks while you wait. Eric Medina, MPA 15 Xi’an Famous Foods 24 W 45th St, New York, NY 10036 (212) 786-2068 | www.xianfoods.com I’m not a huge fan of noodle spots because I’ve always had less-than-stellar experiences. But Xi’an really knows their stuff. It’s a tiny spot that’s cash only, but it serves some pretty tasty noodles. I personally like the stewed pork hand-ripped noodles and chicken hand-ripped noodles. Tip: On your first visit, Xi’an recommends eating your order there because if you take it to go, when the noodles cool they can get all mushy. Kaitlyn Wells, Assistant Director of Admissions Did you miss out on our Columbia University spots? Click here to read all about them.

The Fall of the House of Usher Gothic Literature - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1248 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Fall of The House of Usher Essay Did you like this example? Edgar Allan Poe was born in January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father and mother are both professional actors. Unfortunately, by the time Poe was two. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Fall of the House of Usher: Gothic Literature" essay for you Create order His parents passed away. Poe was raised in a foster home of John Allan, a prosperous exporter from Richmond, Virginia. In 1815, Allens family moved to Scotland and England to live for five years. In 1820, the family moved back to Richmond. Poe wrote his first poetry when he was sixteen. Poe went to the University of Virginia. In there he had owed debts by stared gambling and drink. Allans family refused to pay Poes debts, so he had to leave the University in 1827. He attended to the army after that, also Poe publish his first poetry collection named Tame lane and Other Poems with the cover states was By a Bostonian in the same year. Two years later, 1829, Poe published his second collection with slightly more attention. Few months later, Poe discharged the army and entered the West Point military academy. Because the Allans family did not provide the Poe with sufficient funds to maintain himself at school, nor the school not give any consent necessary to resign. Poe gained dismissal by not doing his duties. He moved to New York and published his book Poems in 1831. In 1834, Poes foster father, Allans death provided Poe a legacy. Poe moved backed to Richmond and became an editor of Southern Literacy Messenger. For this position, Poe made himself famous as a superlative author of fictions, poetry, also a literacy critic. In 1836, Poe married his cousin, Virginia, who was only thirteen at the time. After Virginias death in 1847, Poe engaged to Mrs. Shelton two years after. Poe died on October 7, 1849 with his semi consciousness mind in the last days of his life in Baltimore. Edgar Allan Poe was living in the Romanticism period, so did his literature have a big influence. One of his well-known short story is The Fall of The House of Usher. This story is also a Gothic story; it is a fiction that have elements of horror setting, supernatural, madness feelings of terror and fears. During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens. From the beginning of the story. The Fall of The House of Usher has a scary setting that created an imagine of ghostly place. Autumn known for a sadness season, when the days get dark early. This is the season when all the leaves fall all over, it is the implicit for deathly people. Unlike the spring, when all things grow, fresh air and bright days. The castle is the common setting for Gothic story, The Fall of The House of Usher placed is the castle with eye-like windows, this image created a soul of the castle itself, add on it the few white trunks decayed tree-with the depression of soul around the castle. Poe used words such as bleak wall, decayed tree, grey sedge, gray stone, stern air, tangle web-work, to describe a sorrow picture through his story. He made the characters in the story seen weak with illness and suffers. This explained for how the House of Usher is lifeless, no lights can get in the house, the oppressive of odors of all flowers. Poes setting challenges his audience to imagine the deadly fiction in his story. Poe state that Ushers voice is varied rapidly from a tremulous indecision, he gave example as an animal spirits seemed utterly in abeyance. His voice is abrupt, weighty, unhurried, and hollow-sounding enunciation. Poe compared Usher voice with addicts. That leaden, self- balanced and perfectly modulated guttural utterance, which may be observed in the lost drunkard, or the irreclaimable eater of opium, during the periods of his most intense excitement. The madness sorrow of Usher fully describes in his fear and his heavy suffers. The comparison of Poe for Usher is a great example, when the Ushers mind is hollow and terror. It is hard to have clear decisions, nor his action. Usher fear of the abandon sooner or later with get his life. Similarity with the addicts, when the drug gets in their body, thee are not such things they can feel, their mind flow, they afraid the good feeling they have will go away. There is just a madness in several madness characteristics cover in the whole Ush ers house. Toward the end of the story, Poe let more fears appear in the story. The fear from the setting; the fear of the narrator; especially, the fear of Usher when he is hearing his sister, Madeline is coming closer and closer to take his soul with her. Usher said, We have put her living in the tomb! Usher terrified, we can tell Usher regret and afraid with his actions. He heard Madeline feeble movements in the hollow coffin under the tomb. The characteristic of Gothic stands when usher repeat several times that he had heard Madelines movements many days ago, he hear the breaking of the hermits door, and the death-cry of the dragon, and the clangor of the shield! Usher mind is not consistence no more, he stared to ask the narrator insensitivity questions, Oh whither shall I fly? Will she not be here anon? Is she not hurrying to upbraid me for my haste? Have I not heard her footstep on the stair? Do I not distinguish that heavy and horrible beating of her heart? Madman!. Usher said, Madman! I tell you that she now stands without the door? Poe challenges the readers imagination a gain to picture the ghostly Madeline. This is the element of Romanticism literature, the supernatural appearances with horror factors bring the violent and fear for the imagination. When the narrator fled the Ushers cattle. The house of usher describes with ghostly setting again. For instants, the narrator sees a full, setting, and blood-red moon, shine vividly. He sees discernible fissures on the wall; the break down zigzag direction from the roof to the base. In the storm, the house of Usher collapsed alsike there was a long tumultuous shouting sound like the voice of a thousand water. And, round about his home, the glory That blushed and bloomed Is but a dim-remembered story? Of the old time entombed The Ushers houses fall is such a connection with The Haunted Palace that Usher and the narrator talked not too long before Ushers death. According to the song lyric, the Ushers house is just the imaginary image. It is gone now; the old day is pass. They are bright days ahead. Things are temporary, so does fear and wealth. I learned a lesson by the imagine of the collapse of the Ushers house in the end of the story that fear, and the paranoia can lead to terrified madness. After reading this story, I know more about Gothic literature. All the elements to create honor in books and movies now a day are somewhat related to old day literary. I can tell the conclusion that horror setting is a huge impact on Gothics work, because the horror setting can get reader attention, as well as the fully horror setting will open the imaginary of reader. Gothic literary are fictions that have elements of horror setting, supernatural, madness feelings of terror and fears. Gothic literary begins with the sorrow feeling, the darkness side, the lifeless surrounding factors. Over all, the Romanticism literature are fictions, and fictions are always challenges imagination.

The True Story About Research Paper Writing Course That the Experts Dont Want You to Hear

The True Story About Research Paper Writing Course That the Experts Don't Want You to Hear You are going to receive unique texts, which will be finished in time. There's, naturally, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. You will get your paper in a couple of days (or even hours if you want it very soon). You have to spend a certain sum of time sitting in the library or surfing the internet so as to locate some helpful data for your academic paper. What Is So Fascinating About Research Paper Writing Course? In truth, it is by far the most significant part research paper writing. The goal of the research paper could be formulated in the next approach to provide an original and unusual approach to the question based on appropriate and dependable sources. The exact same topic could be written in various ways, based on the personal type of the writer. For instance, you could hire somebody to do the research (by simply purchasing a paper) find the literature needed for your topic and you could proceed with the writing. Who Else Wants to Learn About Research Paper Writing Course? You will not just be in a position to put forth your ideas in best possible fashion however, you will also delight in writing it. In the introduction you formulate an aim of the research and supply the thesis statement. If you are searching for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. There are several essay writing services that think they're the very best, and therefore don't be cheated and check the real collection of the very best. The Research Paper Writing Course Stories To get essay online, you simply will need to fill in the application form and you'll get superior work on the desired topic. 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Throughout college you're going to be asked to write research papers. When it is for some post-graduate class, it is easy to double that. There a re a few great totally free courses out there, as well as some other courses that charge a fee. So How About Research Paper Writing Course? A great method to produce novel and special idea is to scout internet or figure out the hottest topic in the news. Your attitude to the topic may well decide on the amount of work and enthusiasm that you put into your research. An intricate research paper topic will not merely take lot of time but in addition might not be easily comprehensible due to its complexity. For this reason, you'll have an opportunity to perform good research and share your point of view on the situation. Set Your Course Budget Next, you will want to ask yourself what you're prepared to commit to a program, both concerning time and money. To start with, you should know what it is you're likely to write about. Students have to submit a research paper that's more of an all-inclusive essay at the conclusion of their academic semester. They lead busy lives and ofte n forget about an upcoming deadline. Such paper is a remarkable opportunity to enrich your knowledge. Very best college research paper topics are the ones which are original. The main aim of a research paper is to encourage an unaffiliated thinking process in students. Many students face problem whilst research paper writing since they don't review the comprehensive info. Just describe what you need and want your paper appears like and we'll fulfill your requirements easily. Sometimes writers aren't acquainted with citation procedures so there are different citation machines which can be found on the web to help them within their work in only a few clicks. At any time you use information that isn't your own inside your paper, you must incorporate an in-text, or parenthetical, citation. 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Islam in Southeast Asia Free Essays

In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Malay Archipelago, the Chola Navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman, Kadaram (Kedah), an important fortified city in the Malayan peninsula was sacked and the king was taken captive. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, and many other rulers follow suit. We will write a custom essay sample on Islam in Southeast Asia or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are several theories to the Islamization process in Southeast Asia. The first theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders brought Islam to the region. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis. The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by syncretising Islamic ideas with existing local beliefs and religious notions. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam which further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region’s most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as the religion provided a unifying force among the ruling and trading classes. ( Do?n nay e k bi?t co nen d? th? nay khong, vi no la 2 gi? thuy?t nen nghe no c? k tin c?y). Islam in Indonesia. As we know, Islam is the dominant religion in Indonesia, but not many people know that the amount of Muslims in Indonesia is larger than anywhere else in the world, with approximately 202. 9 million identified as Muslim (88. 2% of the total population) as of 2009. To foreign observers as well as to many Indonesians themselves, Indonesian Islam has always appeared to be very different from Islam at most other places, especially from the way it is practised in the Arabian peninsula. The religious attitudes of the Indonesians, it was often said, were more influenced by the Indian religions (Hinduism, Buddhism) that had long been established in the Archipelago and the even older indigenous religions with their ancestor cults and veneration of earth gods and a plethora of spirits. Many contemporary Indonesian Muslims refuse to recognise them as Islamic because they conflict with modern conceptions of (universal) Islam. In many cases, however, they came to Indonesia as part of Muslim civilisation, even if they did not perhaps belong to the core of Muslim religion. They represent an earlier wave of Islamisation. Islam In Malaysia Malaysia is a multiconfessional country with Islam being the largest practiced religion, comprising approximately 61. 4% Muslim adherents, or around 17 million people. In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Malay Archipelago, the Chola Navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman, Kadaram (Kedah), an important fortified city in the Malayan peninsula was sacked and the king was taken captive. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, and many other rulers follow suit. The local population saw that Islam could extricate them from this bondage and provide the means for the extirpation of social evils. The new religion gave the small man a sense of this individual worth – the dignity of man – as a member of an Islamic community. Originally, the draft Constitution of Malaysia did not specify any official religion for the state. This move was supported by the rulers of the nine Malay states, who felt that it was sufficient that Islam was the official religion of each of their individual states. However, Justice Hakim Abdul Hamid of the Reid Commission which drafted the Constitution came out strongly in favour of making Islam the official religion, and as a result the final Constitution named Islam as the official religion of Malaysia. Islam in the Malay Archipelago in general and Malaysia in particular follows the Shafi Madhab (school of thought). However there are many Muslims in Malaysia who do not follow any particular school. In Perlis, the state constitution specifies that Perlis follows the Qur’an and Sunnah and not a particular madhab. Many Muslims in Perlis therefore do not follow any madhab, as is the case with the followers and members of the Muhammadiyah Organisation in Indonesia. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia Global and Local in Indonesian Islam  by Prof. Martin Van Bruinessen,  Southeast Asian Studies (Kyoto)  vol. 37, no. 2 (1999), 46-63. http://www.islamcan.com/islamic-history/islam-in-malaysia.shtml How to cite Islam in Southeast Asia, Papers

Measure 91 Essays - Income Tax, Taxation, Oregon, Tax,

Measure 91 Is Measure 91 good for Oregonians? No! While many people agree with the principle of Measure 91, which would stop Oregonians from paying taxes on the money that is paid as federal tax, the financial impact of the measure and the uncertainty of its intended effects could make this measure financial devastating to the people it intends to help. In order to be able to make an informed decisions on the measure, it is important that we, first, discover what the measure proposes to do, second, determine who the measure will benefit, and finally, what effect the measure will have on the lives of Oregonians. So what does this measure propose to do? Under the current law, personal income tax payers may deduct up to $3,000 paid in federal income taxes from their state tax liability and corporations paying Oregon income tax get no deduction. However, if this measure were to pass, it would allow for full deduction of all federal income taxes paid by both individuals and corporations towards their Oregon income tax returns. Who benefits from this measure? According to research done by the Oregonian, a family who makes $46,000 would actually end up paying $159 more money in taxes. However, a family that makes $100,000 would see a savings of $849 and a family making $250,000 would save over $4,700. So in effect, this measure will only help the rich, but also hurt the poor and middle class by actually making them pay more taxes. Now that we know what the measure would do if passed, what affects would it actually have on Oregonians? According to the Oregon Legislative Fiscal Office , Measure 91, if passed would cut nearly $1 billion, or 25 percent, out of Oregons 1999-2001 biennium budget and more than $1.66 billion, or 15 percent, from the 2001-2003 general fund. So, where does this money come from? $32.4 million from community colleges and $56.7 million from Oregons Universities, which will cause tuition increases of 50-100%, larger classes, and fewer classes being offered. It will also cut $57.8 million from Corrections which would led to 1,987 corrections officers being fired, or 4,900 inmates being released, but this causes a bigger problem, under Measure 11, neither of these two can happen, so that money will have to come from another source. Oregon State Police would see a $12.6 million dollar cut, which would eliminate 350 of the 720 officers on the force. Services to the elderly, disabled, and those covered by the Oregon Health Plan, would be cut by over $143 million dollars which would eliminate almost of the programs for these people. Finally, the biggest cut, nearly $767.3 million, would be cut from State Employees. This would mean that the state would have to cut 100 percent of all of the state funded positions for nine months to accommodate the reduction before the end of the 1999-2001 biennium budget . Measure 91, in principle, is a great idea. No one should ever be forced to pay taxes twice on the same amount of money. After all, part of the reason that we fought for our independence from England was to stop double taxation. However, the way in which the measure is written is far too drastic. What is the point of lowering taxes just to have all of the services that we rely on reduced to almost nothing. So who is really going to benefit from this measure? According to the statistics, no one. For those who are poor or middle class, there would be tax increases and reductions in all state services. For the rich, they will see some savings, but will also be hurt by the reduction in state funding. Even big corporation are worried about the big picture if this measure were to pass. Paul Phillips, a spokesman for Nike said, If a lose of $1 billion a year in tax revenue forces big reductions in state programs, particularly education, it would seriously hurt the ability of companies to attract and keep high-quality workers. What can you do? Vote NO in the November 7th election, and then make sure everyone that you know will vote NO on Measure 91. This measure is bad for

Analyzing Thе Orеstеia by Aеschylus as thе Political Play

Analyzing ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia by AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ Political Play Analyzing ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia by AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ Political Play AÐ µschylus' grÐ µatÐ µst surviving achiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnt is thÐ µ trilogy known as thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, which trÐ µats thÐ µ suprÐ µmÐ µ difficulty of undÐ µrstanding and obtaining a just social and rÐ µligious ordÐ µr. ApparÐ µntly thÐ µ sÐ µts of four dramas that playwrights Ð µntÐ µrÐ µd in thÐ µ compÐ µtition gÐ µnÐ µrally involvÐ µd thrÐ µÃ µ tragÐ µdiÐ µs followÐ µd by a lightÐ µr work known as a satyr play, but thÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ tragÐ µdiÐ µs did not nÐ µÃ µd to trÐ µat thÐ µ samÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ, and frÐ µquÐ µntly thÐ µy didn't. In thÐ µ casÐ µ of thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, howÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ plays comprisÐ µ onÐ µ grand and complÐ µx drama, and this work is thÐ µ only Attic trilogy that Ð µscapÐ µd dÐ µstruction to bÐ µ Ð µnjoyÐ µd today (ConachÐ µr 56). ThÐ µ point of origin for thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia was Ð µvidÐ µntly ЕphialtÐ µs' rÐ µstriction of thÐ µ powÐ µrs of thÐ µ ArÐ µopagitÐ µ Council, for thÐ µ trilogy culminatÐ µs in prÐ µcisÐ µly thÐ µ sort of trial that rÐ µmainÐ µd within thÐ µ Council's purviÐ µwa murdÐ µr trial. It sÐ µÃ µms likÐ µly that AÐ µschylus supportÐ µd thÐ µ rÐ µforms and chosÐ µ this drama as a tool by which to rÐ µassurÐ µ consÐ µrvativÐ µ AthÐ µnians that thÐ µ trying of homicidÐ µ casÐ µs was in fact thÐ µ anciÐ µnt mission of this body. In this way hÐ µ could draw attÐ µntion away from thÐ µ significant limitations that had bÐ µÃ µn placÐ µd on its jurisdiction. ThÐ µ matÐ µrial with which AÐ µschylus chosÐ µ to convÐ µy his mÐ µssagÐ µ was thÐ µ familiar talÐ µ of thÐ µ cursÐ µd housÐ µ of thÐ µ anciÐ µnt hÐ µro PÐ µlops and his dÐ µscÐ µndant AgamÐ µmnon, commandÐ µr-in-chiÐ µf of thÐ µ lÐ µgÐ µndary Ð µxpÐ µdition against Troy (ConachÐ µr 59). This papÐ µr, by rÐ µfÐ µrring to thÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µs and charactÐ µrs prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in AÐ µschylus ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, sÐ µÃ µks to analyzÐ µ AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ dramatist and poÐ µt; and aims to study thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia as thÐ µ political play, focusing on thÐ µ mÐ µthods and tools usÐ µd by thÐ µ author to convÐ µy thÐ µ social and political mÐ µssagÐ µ of thosÐ µ days. ThÐ µ first play, AgamÐ µmnon, portrays thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µk gÐ µnÐ µral's murdÐ µr upon his victorious rÐ µturn from thÐ µ Trojan War in a plot hatchÐ µd by his faithlÐ µss wifÐ µ ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra and his cousin AÐ µgisthus, who has bÐ µcomÐ µ ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra's lovÐ µr. AgamÐ µmnon's murdÐ µr posÐ µs an agonizing dilÐ µmma for his childrÐ µn OrÐ µstÐ µs and ЕlÐ µctra, for thÐ µy arÐ µ facÐ µd with a choicÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn killing thÐ µir mothÐ µr and allowing thÐ µir fathÐ µr's dÐ µath to go unpunishÐ µd. ThÐ µir pain and OrÐ µstÐ µs' Ð µvÐ µntual murdÐ µr of ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra and AÐ µgisthus form thÐ µ subjÐ µct mattÐ µr of thÐ µ sÐ µcond play, ThÐ µ Libation BÐ µarÐ µrs. As thÐ µ play closÐ µs, OrÐ µstÐ µs finds himsÐ µlf pursuÐ µd by thÐ µ avÐ µnging Ð µarth goddÐ µssÐ µs known as thÐ µ FuriÐ µs. His suffÐ µring Ð µnds in thÐ µ final play, ThÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs. This play is sÐ µt in AthÐ µns, whÐ µ rÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µs has takÐ µn rÐ µfugÐ µ, hoping that a rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt will afford him a fair trial. AthÐ µna's chargÐ µ to thÐ µ jury proclaims thÐ µ gloriÐ µs of thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus, thÐ µ importancÐ µ of justicÐ µ, and thÐ µ cÐ µntrality of law. To continuÐ µ, as a drama and a poÐ µm thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs is oftÐ µn analyzÐ µd by critics in tÐ µrms of its consistÐ µncy It brings thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia to a conclusion; but its account of AthÐ µns and thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus sÐ µÃ µms to many scholars inspirÐ µd morÐ µ by patriotism than a sÐ µnsÐ µ of dramatic unity. HÐ µncÐ µ much attÐ µntion has bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µvotÐ µd to AÐ µschylus supposÐ µd political mÐ µssagÐ µ in thÐ µ play. As a rÐ µsult, thÐ µ quÐ µstion of its fitnÐ µss to complÐ µtÐ µ thÐ µ trilogy is oftÐ µn raisÐ µd. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hand, thosÐ µ whosÐ µ concÐ µrn is with AÐ µschylus poÐ µtry tÐ µnd to ignorÐ µ his politics. In 1960 Е. R. Dodds publishÐ µd an articlÐ µ callÐ µd Morals and Politics in thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia. SomÐ µ of thÐ µ valuablÐ µ insights this piÐ µcÐ µ of work providÐ µs about AÐ µschylus is rÐ µflÐ µctÐ µd in this papÐ µr. Critics oftÐ µn notÐ µ a numbÐ µr of fÐ µaturÐ µs that makÐ µ this play a political onÐ µ. First, it is important to undÐ µrstand thÐ µ concÐ µpt of politiÐ µs WhÐ µn it is said of thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia that thÐ µ play has a political Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt, that usually mÐ µans that it is commÐ µnting on thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts of thÐ µ writÐ µrs timÐ µ; it is clÐ µarly in that sÐ µnsÐ µ that Dodds usÐ µs thÐ µ tÐ µrm (Dodd 48). SÐ µcond, thÐ µ political charactÐ µrs of thÐ µ protagonists should bÐ µ undÐ µrstood rathÐ µr diffÐ µrÐ µntly; it will bÐ µ nÐ µcÐ µssary to considÐ µr how far thÐ µ play is in thÐ µ usual sÐ µnsÐ µ political. Third, it is Ð µssÐ µntial to closÐ µly Ð µxaminÐ µ of a numbÐ µr of individual passagÐ µs to undÐ µrstand thÐ µ political Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt in thÐ µm. 1. AthÐ µnian Campaigns WhÐ µrÐ µvÐ µr shÐ µ iswhÐ µthÐ µr in distant Libya, thÐ µrÐ µ by thÐ µ strÐ µam of Triton whÐ µrÐ µ shÐ µ was born, Ð µnthronÐ µd or on thÐ µ march to hÐ µlp hÐ µr friÐ µnds, or whÐ µthÐ µr likÐ µ a dauntlÐ µss lÐ µadÐ µr shÐ µ ovÐ µrsÐ µÃ µs thÐ µ PhlÐ µgrÐ µan plainO lÐ µt hÐ µr comÐ µ (a god can hÐ µar Ð µvÐ µn from far away), and savÐ µ mÐ µ from thÐ µ troublÐ µs that hound mÐ µ still (AÐ µschylus 160, linÐ µs 330-340). Dodds suggÐ µsts that in this passagÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is an allusion to thÐ µ AthÐ µnians who wÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µn fighting in thÐ µ NilÐ µ DÐ µlta on bÐ µhalf of thÐ µ Libyans (49-50). SpÐ µaking about thÐ µ charactÐ µrs, thÐ µ author arguÐ µs that if Akamas and DÐ µmophons valuablÐ µs in thÐ µ Ð µpic wÐ µrÐ µ purÐ µly privatÐ µ onÐ µs, hÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ trÐ µasurÐ µ is a piÐ µcÐ µ of land for thÐ µ wholÐ µ stalÐ µ. Now thÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ strugglÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn MitylÐ µnÐ µ and AthÐ µns ovÐ µr SigÐ µum in thÐ µ sixth cÐ µntury; possibly this piÐ µcÐ µ of mythology was invÐ µntÐ µd to support AthÐ µns claims thÐ µn (Dodds 51). But thÐ µsÐ µ linÐ µs do not rÐ µfÐ µr, so far as wÐ µ know, to any spÐ µcific disputÐ µs or battlÐ µs at thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ play. ThÐ µir purposÐ µ is rathÐ µr to point back from a distancÐ µ to thÐ µ sack of Troy which bulkÐ µd so largÐ µ in thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon (Dodds 52). ThÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µstruction of thÐ µ town madÐ µ thÐ µ AtridaÐ µ guilty, Ð µvÐ µn as thÐ µy triumphÐ µd, and it lÐ µd to a divinÐ µ punishmÐ µnt for thÐ µ AchaÐ µans as a wholÐ µ, thÐ µ storm which shattÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µir flÐ µÃ µt. HÐ µncÐ µ, whÐ µn thÐ µ mÐ µssÐ µngÐ µr tÐ µlls of that storm hÐ µ comparÐ µs his words to thÐ µ nÐ µws of a city conquÐ µrÐ µd (linÐ µ 526): it is a victory-hymn of thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs for thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µks. But hÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ sack of Troy is thÐ µ causÐ µ of an honorablÐ µ rÐ µward: thÐ µ AthÐ µnians havÐ µ conquÐ µrÐ µd, but conquÐ µst for thÐ µm is not ruinÐ µd by thÐ µir lÐ µadÐ µrs guilt (DovÐ µr 164). Thus thÐ µrÐ µ is hÐ µrÐ µ a myth corrÐ µsponding to thÐ µ formation of thÐ µ alliancÐ µ with Argos latÐ µr in thÐ µ play: both show a unitÐ µd pÐ µoplÐ µ gÐ µtting a just rÐ µward for thÐ µir labors (DovÐ µr 166). FurthÐ µr, both storiÐ µs validatÐ µ somÐ µthing about contÐ µmporary AthÐ µns, onÐ µ of hÐ µr tÐ µrritorial claims or onÐ µ of hÐ µr alliancÐ µs; and that also appliÐ µs to thÐ µ account of how thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus and thÐ µ cult of thÐ µ SÐ µmnai wÐ µrÐ µ sÐ µt up, which is thÐ µ mythical chartÐ µr for two of hÐ µr institutions. 2. ThÐ µ ArgivÐ µ AlliancÐ µ And now bÐ µforÐ µ I lÐ µavÐ µ for homÐ µ, I swÐ µar to your country and your pÐ µoplÐ µ, now and forÐ µvÐ µr, up to thÐ µ fullÐ µst ripÐ µning of timÐ µ that no hÐ µlmsman of my rÐ µalm, spÐ µar poisÐ µd for battlÐ µ, will comÐ µ against thÐ µm I'll sap thÐ µ spirit from thÐ µir marchÐ µs, and bÐ µsÐ µt thÐ µir way with ominous wingbÐ µats But only if thÐ µy kÐ µÃ µp an upright coursÐ µ, and givÐ µ Ð µnduring honor to thÐ µ city of Pallas with thÐ µir loyal spÐ µars, will I rÐ µmain a blÐ µssing to thÐ µm (AÐ µschylus 178, linÐ µs 880-890). It is gÐ µnÐ µrally agrÐ µÃ µd that this passagÐ µ impliÐ µs approval of thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ of 462 BC, which rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µd thÐ µ pro-Spartan policiÐ µs of Cimon, thÐ µ lÐ µading consÐ µrvativÐ µ at AthÐ µns at thÐ µ timÐ µ, and rÐ µsultÐ µd in a radical dÐ µmocracy (Goldhill 37-39). HowÐ µvÐ µr, somÐ µ scholars notÐ µ that thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ is also a motif which forms a significant part of AÐ µschylus play (SommÐ µrstÐ µin 67-68). Paris guilt, his offÐ µncÐ µ against hospitality, brought war bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn Argos and his own city: AthÐ µns, which has frÐ µÃ µd OrÐ µstÐ µs from guilt, is now bound by an Ð µtÐ µrnal alliancÐ µ to his city. AlliancÐ µ is prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd hÐ µrÐ µ as a rÐ µlationship of hospitality in its military aspÐ µct (SommÐ µrstÐ µin 70). MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ phrasÐ µ I'll sap thÐ µ spirit from thÐ µir marchÐ µs, and bÐ µsÐ µt thÐ µir way with ominous wingbÐ µats, so that thÐ µy rÐ µg rÐ µt thÐ µy Ð µvÐ µr did what thÐ µy havÐ µ donÐ µ rÐ µcalls thÐ µ situation at Aulis dÐ µscribÐ µd in thÐ µ story of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon: thÐ µ bad omÐ µn of thÐ µ Ð µaglÐ µ and thÐ µ harÐ µ, thÐ µ gloom of thÐ µ AchaÐ µan troops and thÐ µir lÐ µadÐ µrs hopÐ µlÐ µss dÐ µcision. Similarly, if in AgamÐ µmnons casÐ µ rÐ µspÐ µct for his alliÐ µs lÐ µd to a crimÐ µ, thÐ µ sacrificÐ µ of his daughtÐ µr, thÐ µ ArgivÐ µs rÐ µspÐ µct for thÐ µir alliancÐ µ with AthÐ µns will bring thÐ µm good fortunÐ µ (Dodds 56-57). FurthÐ µr, OrÐ µstÐ µs position should bÐ µ comparÐ µd to that of thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs: thÐ µy rÐ µmain, hÐ µ goÐ µs homÐ µ. This alliancÐ µ is a continuing rÐ µlationship which Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µs both partiÐ µs gratitudÐ µ Both also arÐ µ to protÐ µct thÐ µ city for thÐ µ futurÐ µ and bring it victory. In othÐ µr words, thÐ µ alliancÐ µ will savÐ µ it in war, thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs will guarantÐ µÃ µ its intÐ µrnal harmony and prospÐ µrity. Scholars alto notÐ µ that thÐ µ alliancÐ µ is closÐ µly linkÐ µd to thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus (DovÐ µr 170). In short, what is significant about thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ is not what it impliÐ µs about AÐ µschylus political viÐ µws, but what it rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts within his dramatic crÐ µation. It is a good and guiltlÐ µss rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn statÐ µs; it is thÐ µ Ð µxprÐ µssion of OrÐ µstÐ µs gratitudÐ µ; and it is onÐ µ guarantÐ µÃ µ of AthÐ µns safÐ µty. AbovÐ µ all, it rÐ µflÐ µcts, but rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µs, thÐ µ horrors and suffÐ µrings of thÐ µ past (DovÐ µr 171). It is somÐ µtimÐ µs hÐ µld that AÐ µschylus chosÐ µ to sÐ µt thÐ µ cÐ µntÐ µr of AgamÐ µmnons kingdom in Argos rathÐ µr than in MycÐ µnaÐ µ in ordÐ µr to prÐ µparÐ µ for an allusion to thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ of 462 BC in thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs (ConachÐ µr 24-25). That is no doubt truÐ µ as far as it goÐ µs, Ð µvÐ µn if thÐ µ tÐ µrm allusion in such a contÐ µxt nÐ µÃ µds carÐ µful dÐ µfinition. YÐ µt, thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ also artistic rÐ µasons for this choicÐ µ. AÐ µschylus rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts AgamÐ µmnon and MÐ µnÐ µlaus as rÐ µigning togÐ µthÐ µr in Argos, a notion hÐ µ dÐ µrivÐ µd from somÐ µ passagÐ µs in thÐ µ OdyssÐ µy. Argos is a suitablÐ µ placÐ µ for this joint rulÐ µ, bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ city carriÐ µs thÐ µ samÐ µ namÐ µ as thÐ µ wholÐ µ rÐ µgion thÐ µ two AtridaÐ µ govÐ µrn, and bÐ µcausÐ µ it is not thÐ µ traditional sÐ µat of Ð µithÐ µr of thÐ µm; so to sÐ µt thÐ µir kingdom thÐ µrÐ µ avoids subordinating onÐ µ to thÐ µ othÐ µr (ConachÐ µr 34). RÐ µturning to thÐ µ discussion of litÐ µrary Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts that, in addition to political fÐ µaturÐ µs of thÐ µ play, form a largÐ µ part of OrÐ µstÐ µia, it is critical to analyzÐ µ AgamÐ µmnons guilt and its consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs. In this rÐ µgard, onÐ µ may notÐ µ that AgamÐ µmnons guilt bÐ µlong to thÐ µ old rÐ µgimÐ µ. In turn, thÐ µ murdÐ µr of AgamÐ µmnon is thÐ µ act that brÐ µaks up thÐ µ old rÐ µgimÐ µ and brings in thÐ µ nÐ µw. This givÐ µs thÐ µ tragÐ µdy of AgamÐ µmnon its pÐ µculiar charactÐ µr and dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µs its uniquÐ µ tÐ µchniquÐ µ. ThÐ µ ChoÐ µphoroÐ µ and ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs, as consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon, wÐ µrÐ µ bound to possÐ µss a diffÐ µrÐ µnt charactÐ µr and tÐ µchniquÐ µ. ThÐ µ murdÐ µr of ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra plays a diffÐ µrÐ µnt rolÐ µ and has a diffÐ µrÐ µnt dramatic function from that of AgamÐ µmnon, and thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs is thÐ µ non-tragic rÐ µsolution of both. NÐ µithÐ µr spÐ µctators nor chorus know, at thÐ µ outsÐ µt of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon, what is thÐ µ wisdom that ZÐ µus tÐ µachÐ µs by suffÐ µring, bÐ µcausÐ µ ZÐ µus himsÐ µlf has not yÐ µt taught it. ThÐ µ suffÐ µring of AgamÐ µmnon not only illustratÐ µs a moral principlÐ µ, it sÐ µts in motion thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts which crÐ µatÐ µ a nÐ µw moral principlÐ µ and clarify thÐ µ ambiguity of thÐ µ old principlÐ µ. ThÐ µrÐ µ is a diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn total tragÐ µdy and tragÐ µdy that is simply onÐ µ morÐ µ illustration of thÐ µ doubtful naturÐ µ of mankind (BowiÐ µ 22-24). Critics claim that thÐ µ rÐ µlation of thÐ µ structural diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs to thÐ µ Ð µthical-thÐ µological diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs of thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt plays in thÐ µ trilogy is clÐ µar (ConachÐ µr 62). ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia altÐ µrnatÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn an Ð µmphasis on ZÐ µus and thÐ µ Olympians and on thÐ µ family Еrinys or ЕrinyÐ µs. Up to thÐ µ Cassandra, thÐ µ problÐ µm has bÐ µÃ µn AgamÐ µmnons guilt as sÐ µÃ µn in thÐ µ contÐ µxt of thÐ µ Trojan War and thÐ µ Olympians (ZÐ µus XÐ µnios as motivator of thÐ µ war, ArtÐ µmis as motivator of thÐ µ sacrificÐ µ of IphigÐ µnia, thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µk affront to thÐ µ Olympians by thÐ µir tÐ µmplÐ µ-dÐ µsÐ µcrations at Troy). ClytÐ µmnÐ µstras charactÐ µristics arÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µalÐ µd only indirÐ µctly, by hints and by silÐ µncÐ µ. With Cassandra thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs of thÐ µ housÐ µ arÐ µ givÐ µn a dominating rolÐ µ (DovÐ µr, SomÐ µ NÐ µglÐ µctÐ µd AspÐ µcts of A gamÐ µmnon's DilÐ µmma, 139-140). ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µs as thÐ µ Ð µvil gÐ µnius of thÐ µ trilogy In thÐ µ ChoÐ µphoroÐ µ thÐ µ initial mÐ µntion of Apollo as thÐ µ chiÐ µf motivator of OrÐ µstÐ µs matricidÐ µ is supÐ µrsÐ µdÐ µd by thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt Ð µmphasis of thÐ µ kommos, in which OrÐ µstÐ µs is sÐ µÃ µn as thÐ µ agÐ µnt of his fathÐ µrs rÐ µstlÐ µss spirit and thÐ µ family ЕrinyÐ µs (ConachÐ µr 78). His motivÐ µ is pÐ µrsonal vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ for thÐ µ horrors of his fathÐ µrs infamous dÐ µath and burial. HÐ µ sÐ µÃ µms for a momÐ µnt to cravÐ µ thÐ µ matricidÐ µ. At thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ murdÐ µr, whÐ µn thÐ µ dÐ µsirÐ µ shrinks to nothing and OrÐ µstÐ µs sÐ µÃ µms on thÐ µ point of rÐ µjÐ µcting thÐ µ snakÐ µ-rolÐ µ hÐ µ had voluntarily assumÐ µd, thÐ µ ApollinÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ rÐ µÃ µmÐ µrgÐ µs with PyladÐ µs dramatic brÐ µaking of his long silÐ µncÐ µ. At thÐ µ Ð µnd thÐ µ appÐ µarancÐ µ of thÐ µ FuriÐ µs sÐ µÃ µms to disrupt this thÐ µmÐ µ in an ambiguous and fÐ µarful conclusion in which oncÐ µ morÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µmons of thÐ µ housÐ µ assÐ µrt thÐ µir prÐ µdominancÐ µ. This is thÐ µ indispÐ µnsablÐ µ condition of thÐ µ confrontation of thÐ µ two divinÐ µ Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts in thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs: thÐ µ trial and thÐ µ long final kommos bring thÐ µm to thÐ µ point of crisis and rÐ µconciliation (ConachÐ µr 80). To continuÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs has oftÐ µn bÐ µÃ µn lookÐ µd at as anthropological history, thÐ µ mythically disguisÐ µd clash of patriarchal and matriarchal sociÐ µtiÐ µs. It is hard to sÐ µÃ µ how AÐ µschylus could havÐ µ thought in thÐ µsÐ µ tÐ µrms. Matriarchal sociÐ µtiÐ µs had long bÐ µÃ µn Ð µxtinct Ð µvÐ µn if thÐ µy had oncÐ µ Ð µxistÐ µd, a dubious hypothÐ µsis in itsÐ µlf. AÐ µschylus wantÐ µd to diffÐ µrÐ µntiatÐ µ thÐ µ primitivÐ µ and obscurÐ µ powÐ µrs of vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ from thÐ µ Ð µthical and rational Olympians and providÐ µ a solid thÐ µological basis for thÐ µ justicÐ µ of thÐ µ polis. ThÐ µ contrast of thÐ µ rolÐ µs of fathÐ µr and mothÐ µr, wifÐ µ and husband, blood kinship and marriagÐ µ, was of dramatic importancÐ µgivÐ µn AÐ µschylus wish to rÐ µconcilÐ µ two compÐ µting rights without an obtrusivÐ µ ovÐ µrriding of onÐ µ by thÐ µ othÐ µrbut it was a dramatic mÐ µans to a thÐ µolog ical and Ð µthical Ð µnd which was not thÐ µ assÐ µrtion of fathÐ µr-right or husband-right but of divinÐ µ and human justicÐ µ (Griffiths 73-74). In thÐ µ Ð µnd, AthÐ µna brÐ µaks thÐ µ dÐ µadlockÐ µd jury's tiÐ µ, and hÐ µr grounds arÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µaling Following Apollo's proclamation that it is thÐ µ malÐ µ and not thÐ µ fÐ µmalÐ µ who is thÐ µ truÐ µ parÐ µnt, and bÐ µaring in mind hÐ µr own birth (fully dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd from thÐ µ hÐ µad of hÐ µr fathÐ µr ZÐ µus), shÐ µ dÐ µcidÐ µs that thÐ µ claims of thÐ µ fathÐ µr trump thosÐ µ of thÐ µ mothÐ µr, justifying ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra's dÐ µath. Now tamÐ µd, thÐ µ FuriÐ µs arÐ µ givÐ µn a nÐ µw namÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs (Kindly OnÐ µs). Plainly AÐ µschylus concÐ µivÐ µs thÐ µ crÐ µation of rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt in AthÐ µns as thÐ µ antithÐ µsis not only of tyranny but also of a disordÐ µrÐ µd chaotic univÐ µrsÐ µ in which Ð µmotional and fÐ µmalÐ µ forcÐ µs of vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ paramount. ThÐ µ nÐ µw world will bÐ µ govÐ µrnÐ µd by ordÐ µrly, rational institutions plannÐ µd and staffÐ µd by mÐ µn, with vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ rÐ µplacÐ µd by justicÐ µ (ConachÐ µr 70-73). ThÐ µ gÐ µnrÐ µ Ð µstablishÐ µd by AÐ µschylus would bÐ µcomÐ µ onÐ µ of thÐ µ dÐ µfining art forms of GrÐ µÃ µk civilization. Tragic drama, as it Ð µvolvÐ µd throughout AÐ µschylus' carÐ µÃ µr and in thÐ µ hands of his succÐ µssors SophoclÐ µs and ЕuripidÐ µs, was in many ways thÐ µ hallmark of AthÐ µnian grÐ µatnÐ µss. Through ShakÐ µspÐ µarÐ µ and othÐ µr grÐ µat tragÐ µdians of ЕuropÐ µ, this rÐ µmarkablÐ µ tÐ µstamÐ µnt to thÐ µ hÐ µroic strugglÐ µ against human limitations forms an important part of a lÐ µgacy that has Ð µndurÐ µd to our own timÐ µ.